Which Santiago? Several figures with this name appear in the New Testament. None of them is the author of the letter; it’s a pseudonymous writing attributed to the authority of the apostle Santiago, the brother of the Lord. The recipients are the “twelve tribes,” an expression that refers to the children of Jacob and, by extension, to God’s people. The author uses it to describe the new people of God made up of Christian communities “scattered among the nations.” It’s a letter addressed to all Christians who feel excluded and tempted by the empire of that time, encouraging them to resist, stay faithful, and remain hopeful in Jesus’ ultimate victory.