Bible Verse Lookup
Rom 11,29-32
Chapter 11
The Rest of Israel
I ask: Has God rejected his people? Of course not! I, myself, am an Israelite, a descendant of Abraham from the tribe of Benjamin.
No, God has not rejected the people he knew beforehand. Don’t you know what the scripture says about Elijah when he accused Israel before God?
He said: “Lord, they have killed your prophets, destroyed your altars, and I alone remain; and now they want to kill me.”
What was God’s answer? “I kept for myself seven thousand who did not worship Baal.”
Similarly, there is now a remnant in Israel, those who were chosen by grace.
It is said: by grace, not because of what they did. Otherwise, grace would not be grace.
What then? What Israel was seeking, it did not find, but those whom God chose did find it. The others hardened their hearts
as scripture says: God made them dull of heart and mind; to this day, their eyes cannot see, nor their ears hear.
David says: May they be caught and trapped at their banquets; may they fall, and may they be punished.
May their eyes be closed so they cannot see, and may their backs be bent forever.
Once again, I ask: Did they stumble so as to fall? Of course not. Their stumble brought salvation to the pagan nations, and this, in turn, will ignite Israel’s jealousy.
If Israel’s shortcoming made the world rich, and the pagan nations grew wealthy from what they lost, what will happen when Israel is restored?
Salvation of the Gentiles
Now I am speaking to you, Gentiles. Inasmuch then as I am an apostle to the Gentiles, I glory in my ministry
to make my own people jealous and ultimately save some of them.
If the world found peace with God when they stayed apart, what will it be like when they are welcomed? It will be nothing less than a passing from death to life.
When the first fruits are consecrated to God, the entire harvest is consecrated. If the roots are holy, then the branches will be too.
Some branches have been cut from the olive tree, while you, as a wild olive tree, have been grafted in their place, and you are benefiting from their roots and sap.
Now, therefore, do not be prideful or despise the branches, because you do not support the roots; the roots support you.
You may say, ‘They cut off the branches to graft me.’
Well and good! But they were cut off because they did not believe, while you stand by faith. So don’t pride yourself on this too much, but be cautious:
if God did not spare the natural branches, neither will he spare you.
Admire both the goodness and severity of God at the same time: He was severe with the fallen, and he is generous with you, as long as you remain faithful. Otherwise, you will be cut off.
If they do not keep rejecting the faith, they will be grafted in, because God can graft them back again.
If you were pulled from the wild olive tree where you belonged and, despite being a different species, you were grafted into the cultivated olive tree, how much more will those who are the natural branches be grafted into their own olive tree?
The Conversion of Israel
I want you to understand God’s mysterious decree, so you don’t become overly confident: part of Israel will stay hardened until most Gentiles come in.
Then all Israel will be saved, as scripture says: From Zion will come the Liberator who will purify the descendants of Jacob from all sin.
And this is the covenant I will establish with them: I will remove their sins.
Regarding the gospel, the Jews are opponents, but it is for your benefit. Concerning the election, they are loved because of their ancestors;
because the call of God and his gifts cannot be revoked.
Because of the disobedience of the Jews, God’s mercy came to you who did not obey God.
They, in turn, will receive mercy in due time after this disobedience that brought God’s mercy to you.
So, God has allowed everyone to be disobedient, to show his mercy to all.
How vast are the riches, wisdom, and knowledge of God! His decisions cannot be explained, nor his ways understood!
Who has ever known God’s thoughts? Who has ever been his adviser?
Who has given him something first so that God had to repay him?
Everything comes from him, has been made by him and must return to him. To him be the glory forever! Amen.
Chapter 12
Rules of Christian Life
I urge you, dearly beloved, by God’s mercy, to present yourselves as a living and holy sacrifice pleasing to God; this is the kind of worship that makes sense for you as sensible people.
Don’t let the world shape you, but be transformed by renewing your mind. You need to understand God’s will: what is good, pleasing, and perfect.
The grace that God has given me allows me to tell each of you: don’t pretend too much, but think with sober judgment, each according to the measure of faith that God has assigned.
See, the body is one, even though it is made up of many parts, but not all of them have the same function.
The same is true for us; since we are many, we are one body in Christ, depending on each other.
Let each of us serve according to our different gifts. Are you a prophet? Then share the insights of faith.
If ministry, in ministering; if one is a teacher, in teaching;
the exhorter, in exhortation; the giver, in generosity; the leader, in diligence; the compassionate, in cheerfulness.
Let love be genuine. Detest evil and cling to what is good.
Love one another and be kind. Strive to surpass each other in mutual respect.
Be passionate about fulfilling your duties. Be enthusiastic in the spirit and serve God.
Have hope and stay cheerful. Be patient during trials and pray constantly.
Share with other Christians in need. Be prepared to welcome those passing by.
Bless those who persecute you; bless them and do not wish harm on anyone.
Rejoice with those who rejoice, and weep with those who weep.
Live peacefully with each other. Do not dream of grand things; stay humble and do not consider yourselves wise.
Never repay evil with evil; instead, show everyone your good will.
Do your best to live peacefully with everybody.
Beloved, do not seek revenge yourself, but leave it to God to punish, as scripture says: Vengeance is mine, I will repay, says the Lord.
And it adds: If your enemy is hungry, feed him; if he is thirsty, give him something to drink; by doing this, you will heap burning coals upon his head.
Do not be conquered by evil, but conquer evil with good.
Chapter 13
Obedience to the Authorities
Let everyone submit to the authorities, for there is no authority except from God, and the offices have been established by God.
Whoever therefore resists authority is resisting God’s decree, and those who resist deserve condemnation.
In fact, who fears authority? Not those who do good, but those who do evil. Do you want to be free from fear of someone in authority? Do good, and you will receive praise.
They are the stewards of God, for your well-being. But if you do not behave, fear them, for they do not carry arms in vain; they serve God when they judge and punish wrongdoers.
It is necessary to obey, not out of fear, but as a matter of conscience.
Similarly, you must pay taxes because the collectors are God’s representatives.
Pay everyone what is owed to them: give contributions to those you owe contributions; pay taxes to those who are due taxes; show respect to those who are deserving of respect; and give honor to those who are worthy of honor.
Don’t owe anyone anything except love. The one who loves their neighbor fulfills the law.
The commandments—such as do not commit adultery, do not kill, and do not covet—are all summarized in this: You will love your neighbor as yourself.
Love cannot harm a neighbor; therefore, love fulfills the entire law.
The Coming of Christ
You know what hour it is. This is the time to wake up, for our salvation is now nearer than when we first believed.
The night is almost over, and the day is at hand. Let us discard, therefore, everything that belongs to darkness, and let us put on the armor of light.
As we live in the whole light of day, let us act with decency, no banquets with drunkenness, no promiscuity or licentiousness, no fighting or jealousy.
Put on, rather, the Lord Jesus Christ, and do not be led by the will of the flesh or follow its desires.
Chapter 14
Freedom and Charity
Welcome those who are weak in faith and do not criticize their scruples.
Some believe they can eat any food, while others who are less liberated eat only vegetables.
If you eat, do not look down on those who abstain; if you abstain, do not judge those who eat, for God has accepted them.
Who are you to judge someone else’s servant? Whether he succeeds or fails, his own master is the one responsible. And he will not fail, because his master can keep him standing.
Some judge one day to be better than another, while others judge all days to be alike; let us act according to our own opinion.
The one who distinguishes among days does so for the Lord; and the one who eats, eats for the Lord, and in eating, gives thanks to the Lord. And the one who does not eat does it for the Lord and gives him thanks as well.
We Belong to the Lord
None of us lives for himself,
or dies for himself.
If we live, we live for the Lord,
and if we die, we die for the Lord.
Either in life or in death,
we belong to the Lord.
For this is why Christ died and came to life,
to be Lord both of the dead and the living.
Then you, why do you criticize your brother or sister? And you, why do you despise them? For we will all appear at the tribunal of God.
It is written: I swear by myself—word of the Lord—every knee will bend before me, and every tongue shall give glory to God.
So each of us will account for himself before God.
Do Not Cause Scandal
Therefore, let us stop criticizing each other; instead, let us strive never to place anything in our brother’s or sister’s way that might cause them to stumble or fall.
I know, I am confident in the Lord Jesus, that nothing is inherently unclean; it is only considered unclean by those who view it that way.
But if you hurt your brother or sister because of a particular food, you are no longer walking in love. Let not your eating cause the loss of someone for whom Christ died.
Don’t let your good be spoken of as evil.
The kingdom of God isn’t about food or drink; it’s about justice, peace, and joy in the Holy Spirit.
If you serve Christ this way, you’ll please God and be praised by others.
Let us then explore what promotes peace and makes us better.
Do not ruin God’s work over food. All food is clean, but it is wrong for you to cause others to stumble by what you eat.
And it might be better not to eat meat, drink wine, or do anything else that causes your brother or sister to stumble.
Keep your own belief before God, and you will be happy if you never act against your own belief.
Instead, whoever eats something despite his doubt is condemned by his conscience, because whatever we do against our conscience is sinful.
Chapter 15
Pleasing Others
We, the strong and free, should carry the weakness of those who are not strong instead of seeking our own pleasure.
Let each of us bring joy to our neighbors by helping them for a good purpose, for building up.
Christ himself did not seek his own satisfaction, as scripture says: The insults of those insulting you fell upon me.
And we know that whatever was written in the past was written for our instruction, for both perseverance and comfort, given to us by the scripture, to sustain our hope.
May God, the source of all perseverance and comfort, grant you all peace in Christ Jesus,
so that you may praise God, the Father of Christ Jesus, our Lord, with one voice.
The Good News for Jews and Gentiles
Welcome one another, as Christ welcomed you for the glory of God.
Look: Christ put himself at the service of the Jewish world to fulfill the promises made by God to their ancestors; here you see God’s faithfulness.
The pagans instead, give thanks to God for his mercy, as scripture says: Because of that, I will sing and praise your name among the pagans.
And elsewhere: Rejoice, pagan nations, together with God’s people.
And again: Praise the Lord, all people, and let all nations speak of his magnificence.
Isaiah says: A descendant of Jesse will come who will rule the pagan nations, and they will hope in him.
May God, the source of hope, fill you with joy and peace through your faith, so that your hope may grow stronger by the power of the Holy Spirit.
Paul’s Mission to the Gentiles 14As for me, brothers and sisters, I am confident that you have goodwill, knowledge, and the ability to advise each other.
However, I have written boldly at some points in this letter to remind you of what you already know. I do this in accordance with the grace that God has given me
when I was sent to the pagan nations. I dedicated myself to serving the Good News of God as a minister of Christ Jesus, aiming to present the non-Jews to God as an acceptable offering, consecrated by the Holy Spirit.
This service of God is a source of pride for me, in Christ Jesus.
Of course, I would not dare to speak of other things, but what Christ himself has done through me—my words and my works,
with miracles and signs—by the power of the Holy Spirit—so that non-Jews may obey the faith. In this way, I have extended the Good News to all parts, from Jerusalem to Illyricum.
I have been very careful, and I am proud of this, not to preach in places where Christ is already known, nor to build upon foundations laid by others.
Let it be as scripture says: Those who have not been told about him will see, and those who have not heard will understand.
This work has kept me from coming to you.
But now there is no more place for me in these regions and, as I have wanted for so long to go and see you,
I hope to visit you when I go to Spain. Then you could help me go there, once I have enjoyed being with you for a time.
I’m heading to Jerusalem now to assist that community.
Know that the churches of Macedonia and Achaia have decided to contribute to the poor among the believers in Jerusalem.
They have decided to do that, and in fact, they were indebted to them. For the non-Jews have shared the spiritual goods of the Jews, and now they must help them materially.
So I am supposed to finish this task and give over the amount that has been collected. Then I will come to you, and from there, go to Spain.
And I am sure that when I go to you, I will go with all the blessings of God.
I urge you, brothers and sisters, by Christ Jesus our Lord and by the love of the Spirit, to join me in prayer to God;
pray that I may avoid the traps set by the enemies of faith in Judea and that the Jerusalem community will welcome the help I bring.
And so I will go to you with joy and, God willing, be refreshed in your company.
May the God of peace be with you. Amen.
Chapter 16
Final Greetings
I recommend to you our sister Phoebe, a deaconess of the church of Cenchreae.
Please receive her, in the name of the Lord, as you would among brothers and sisters in faith, and help her with whatever is needed, because she has helped many, including myself.
Greetings to Prisca and Aquilas, my helpers in Christ Jesus.
To save my life, they risked theirs; I am very grateful to them, as are all the churches of the pagan nations.
Greetings also to the church meeting in their house. Greetings to my dear Epaenetus, the first in the province of Asia to believe in Christ.
Greet Mary, who has worked so hard for you.
Greetings to Andronicus and Junia, my relatives and comrades in prison; they are well-known apostles and served Christ before I did.
Send my greetings to Ampliatus, whom I love dearly in the Lord.
Greetings to Urbanus, our coworker, and to my dear Stachys.
Greetings to Apelles, who endured for Christ, and to the family of Aristobulus.
Greetings to my relative Herodion and those in the household of Narcissus who serve in the Lord’s work.
Greetings to Tryphaena and Tryphosa, who labor for the Lord’s sake. Greet the beloved Persis, who has worked hard in the Lord.
Greetings to Rufus, chosen by the Lord, and his mother, who was like a mother to me.
Greetings to Asyncritus, Phlegon, Hermes, Patrobas, Hermas, and the brothers and sisters with them.
Greetings to Philologus and Julia, Nereus and his sister, Olympas, and all the holy ones in Christ Jesus with them.
Greet one another with a holy kiss. All the churches of Christ send their greetings.
Brothers and sisters, I urge you to be cautious of those who cause divisions and spread different teachings from what you initially learned. Stay away from them,
because those individuals do not serve Christ our Lord, but their own interests, deceiving the naive with their smooth and entertaining words.
Everyone knows you are very obedient, and because of that, I am happy. However, I want you to be sensible in doing good and firm against evil.
The God of peace will soon defeat Satan and bring him under your feet. The grace of our Lord Jesus be with you.
Timothy, who is with me, sends you greetings, as do Lucius, Jason, and Sosipatros, my relatives.
I, Tertius, the writer of this letter, send you greetings in the Lord.
Greetings from Gaius, who has hosted me and in whose house the church gathers. Greetings from Erastus, the city treasurer, and from our brother Quartus. [[
The grace of our Lord Jesus be with you.]]
Glory be to God! He can give you strength in accordance with the Good News I proclaim, announcing Christ Jesus. The mysterious plan that was hidden for ages is now revealed.
By the will of the eternal God, it is revealed through the prophetic books, and all nations shall come to believe the faith proclaimed to them.
Glory to God, who is the only wise, through Christ Jesus, forever! Amen.

Commentaries
The Rest of Israel.
Among Christians who originated from pagan backgrounds, the belief likely circulated that God had rejected the Jews. Paul addresses this rumor with a question and responds emphatically, “By no means!” (1). He then demonstrates this by consulting the Word of God in the Scriptures. The Apostle’s mastery of the Bible is impressive. Even more remarkable is his ability to understand all events—big and small, individual and collective, personal and external—through the lens of the Word of God. Since his conversion on the road to Damascus, that lens has always reflected “a single color”: the bright color of salvation extended to both Jews and pagans. Ultimately, the Apostle appears to be contemplating how all the pieces of the Creator Potter come together, fitting perfectly to form his grand plan of universal salvation.
Salvation of the Gentiles.
Paul now addresses Christians from pagan backgrounds who may be risking their relationship with Judaism because of a possible “Christian complex” of superiority. Repeating once again what the widespread acceptance of the Gospel by his people will mean for the reign of God, he says the results will be excellent, like “a kind of resurrection” (15). He reminds them that Israel’s election still holds and that his people remain a key part of God’s plans for saving the world. For the Apostle, the Jewish people and the Christian people cannot exist without each other. Their shared destiny is to walk together until the “day of the Lord.”
The Conversion of Israel.
The Apostle appears to accept the mystery of his people’s widespread rejection of the Gospel. He cannot understand it. It is a secret, known only to God, and he, Paul, now feels like a guardian of it, even though he can only speculate. None of the debates and theories seem to fit anymore. The secret, which calls for humility and hope, is the future conversion of the Jews, connected to the inclusion of the pagans (25). He does not specify when or how, but Paul expects this to happen soon, since he believed the Lord would return in a few years and even considered the possibility of meeting the Lord himself while still alive (cf. 1 Cor 15:51).
Rules of Christian Life.
He begins a lengthy exhortation on how Christians should behave, not as isolated individuals but as members of a faith community. The theme of unity and harmony was Paul’s obsession. It was also a constant challenge for those young churches made up of Christians from such diverse backgrounds and with opposing customs. While he starts by affirming that the Gospel is the power of salvation for all who believe, he now wants to see that Gospel expressed in personal relationships with one another, as if everyone were offering a living, holy sacrifice acceptable to God, which is the true “spiritual worship” (1) that God desires. In the cry “Abba, Father” (8:15), the Apostle emphasizes the community’s unity and harmony at its deepest level. From here, he begins a long list of recommendations, admonitions, and advice that outline the ideal behavior of a Christian as a member of the community of faith. It is a program as relevant for the community of Rome as it is for our Church today.
Obedience to the Authorities.
In the year the letter was written (57 or 58), Emperor Nero (54-68) was already in power, but the violent persecution of Christians—during which, in all likelihood, the apostles Peter and Paul were martyred—had not yet begun. The author assumes that the authorities are legitimate and honest, so a Christian must primarily be a good citizen. The warning isn’t as harmless as it appears. The Apostle subtly advises them not to mix politics and religion recklessly. A Christian can live as such under any authority, whether Christian or non-Christian, as long as it is legitimate and just. Conversely, a Christian authority cannot discriminate against its non-Christian citizens.
Paul sees in the concrete duties of citizenship—paying taxes, contributing, honoring, respecting all—a way of loving one’s brothers and sisters. He does not want Christians to owe anyone anything, except one thing, mutual love (10), which we will never finish paying. Those who love their neighbor will always be excellent citizens.
The Coming of Christ.
Paul concludes his urging on Christian conduct by instilling it with the urgency of someone living in the final days of history. Christian conduct is a dynamic force that moves toward the future and ultimate victory that will come with the “parousia” or “day of the Lord.” Well, Paul says, “the night is far gone, the day is at hand” (12); therefore, it is time to wake up, shed nocturnal corruptions, put on the armor for the day and the light, and prepare for battle. Here, the image breaks down, pointing to the inexpressible: the Christian’s combat attire and armor will be the same as that which defeated death: “put on the Lord Jesus Christ” (14).
Freedom and Charity.
Paul now addresses a problem that caused tensions in communities made up of Christians, Jews, and Gentiles, such as in Rome. It concerned the observance of Jewish laws, such as fasting and dietary restrictions, or pagan beliefs about days as good or bad omens. Some Christians, the “weak,” could not quite let go of these practices, whether out of scruples, superstitious fears, or lack of education. Others, the “strong,” felt free from all that and looked down on the “weak.” Paul had already spoken about this in 1 Corinthians 8 and 10:14-33 and provided a basic solution, which is: faith in Christ frees believers from such fears and customs. So, what was the problem? Prejudices, mutual disqualifications, and condemnations, especially from the “strong,” threatened the unity and peace of the community. Paul treats this very seriously and makes a strong stand in favor of the “weak.” It’s not that all opinions are equally valid for him or that the “weak” are always right. It’s that people and their consciences before God are similarly valuable. That’s why he calls for mutual respect and tolerance, which does not mean indifference. In short, he urges the community in Rome to practice “dialogue presided over by charity,” so that “the strong” realize that Christian freedom must always serve love, and those who falter can see that they need to change their behavior.
We Belong to the Lord.
Paul’s exhortation now turns into a prayer. It’s like he’s inviting everyone to recite the liturgical hymn of faith that was used in the communities at that time (7-9), to show that the only thing that matters in a Christian’s life is the Lord: “if we live, we live for Him; if we die, we die for Him… in life and in death we belong to the Lord” (8). The idea of Christ’s lordship stays constant in the Apostle’s thoughts and teachings. If He is the Lord, then the final judgment belongs to Him.
Do Not Cause Scandal.
Paul once again defends the “weak.” He has defended them in Corinth, where he writes on behalf of the ‘poor’ who are discriminated against during the Eucharist (1 Cor 11:21) and the “exploited” in lawsuits between brothers (1 Cor 6:8). Now he defends the weak who are “scandalized” by the provocation of the strong. He tells the strong: if your faith—your convictions, your conscience—allows you to eat wine and meat, then do so. But if love for your brother is at risk because of the scandal you cause, set aside the wine and meat for another time. If you don’t, you are no longer sharing your brother’s faith, because he also acts out of faith by eating only what his conscience permits.
Pleasing Others.
Paul takes it a step further by saying that sharing the faith involves, in essence, “bearing with the weaknesses of the weak” (1). This is the only way to build a Christian community and the only rule for its growth. Although the Apostle highlights the duty of the “strong,” what he truly emphasizes is the golden rule of every Christian community: the “active acceptance” of everything that makes “the other” different “from oneself.” If it is their sins, this acceptance means helping to share the burden as if it were our own; if it is their gifts, as our own; if it is their varied opinions, as a complement to our own; if it is their sufferings, as our sufferings. And thus, until we break down the last barrier that separates us—those rooted deep in human hearts: fear, suspicion, and rejection of everything we see in “the other” as different, as a challenge, and as a threat to our security—what force will enable fraternal coexistence as a daily practice of bearing our brothers’ and sisters’ weaknesses (cf. Gal 6:2)? Paul says it is the Word of God, for it is the only “power” that calls us together, unites us in mutual agreement, comforts the Christian community, and inspires us to praise God with one heart and one voice.
The Good News for Jews and Gentiles.
The final encouragement of the letter is directed to the entire Christian community in Rome, both those from Judaism and those from pagan backgrounds: “welcome one another, as Christ welcomed you, for the glory of God” (7). This is not just moral guidance on how to live together. The Apostle goes further, recognizing the “Gospel of universal salvation,” revealed by Christ, already established as “reality and proclamation” through this mutual acceptance of brotherly love within the community of Rome. Faith in Jesus Christ, who died and rose again, is the key that unlocks all the mysteries of Scripture for Paul, or the one main secret: God’s initiative of universal salvation, aimed at bringing all peoples into one final people of God. This is Paul’s vision at the end of his letter.
Paul’s Mission to the Gentiles.
These lines seem to suggest that Paul wants to excuse his intrusion into a Church he did not establish and thus justify his planned visit. The language is courteous and restrained. The letter, the Apostle appears to say, is not meant to evangelize the faithful Christians of Rome, but merely to refresh what is already known.
Paul neither apologizes for the letter he is writing nor for the visit he is announcing. The Christians in Rome likely saw both of the Apostles’ actions as entirely natural. Would the same be true today if a bishop sent a similar letter to Christians in another diocese? In the early centuries, shared responsibility and collegiality among the churches created the typical environment in which leaders of different Christian communities worked.
Final Greetings.
The list of men and women is long and detailed. This list provides valuable insights into the Christian communities of that time. For example, it is surprising to see the high number of women holding positions of responsibility in the Church. He begins by greeting Phoebe, a “deaconess.” Was she a woman who had received “holy orders,” or did she perform charitable functions? We do not know, but she certainly held significant authority in the community. Another name mentioned, “Junia” (7), has long intrigued scholars. Is it ‘Junia’ (a masculine name) as shown in the most recent manuscripts, or “Julia” (a feminine name) as transcribed in the oldest manuscripts? It seems likely that it is indeed “Julia,” the wife of Andronicus. Paul states that both of them “stand out among the apostles” (7). A woman with the status of an apostle? That must have seemed impossible, and the scribe thought years later, who “masculinized” Julia’s name by changing just one letter. By then, women had been silenced in many Christian communities. Other cherished names are Prisca and Aquila, Paul’s married friends. Prisca’s name is mentioned first, as Luke does in Acts 18:2ff, not out of courtesy, but because Prisca must have been the one truly responsible for the Christian community that met in her home. Thus, Paul lists the names of collaborators, friends, and Christian leaders who kept the Church’s vitality and enthusiasm alive, not only in Rome.
He ends this letter with a hymn of praise to “God, the only wise one” for revealing, in Jesus Christ, the secret that had been kept silent for centuries, now “made manifest to all the Gentiles” so they might embrace the faith.