The story of David and Goliath presents some challenges. First, the account overlooks everything that came before; Saul is not yet acquainted with David. Second, according to 2 Samuel 21:19, it is Elhanan of Bethlehem, one of David’s warriors, who kills the Philistine Goliath of Gath. Some might see this as a victory for David over a Philistine soldier whom tradition has confused with someone else.
The victory over Goliath is referenced in 19:5; 21:10; 22:10.13. Despite the difficulties, the author of the book was right to keep this chapter: it is a classic story where the contrast between the warrior and the shepherd is prominent. The pastoral image of David serves as the central theme of the episode. The shepherd motif has two parts: on one side, the focus on his small stature and youth (14:28; 33:43.55.56); on the other, divine support. Additionally, this motif carries deep symbolic meaning. The shepherd cares for his sheep and protects them from wild animals; similarly, the king should care for his people and defend them from enemies—king/shepherd, people/flock, enemy/wild animals. Saul fails to do his duty, but David succeeds, showing his ability to lead. The shepherd looks after the people and defends them from their enemies.